Chapter 18 - Species of Special Conservation Status

18.3 Residual Environmental Effects

18.3.1 Harlequin Duck

The definitions for the rating of residual environmental effects significance are as follows:

A major (significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Eastern North American population of harlequin duck (Harlequin Duck Assessment Area) in such a way as to cause a change in abundance and/or change in distribution beyond which natural recruitment (reproduction and immigration from unaffected areas) would not return that population, or any populations or species dependent upon it, to its former level within several generations.

A moderate (significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting a portion of the Eastern North American population of harlequin duck (Harlequin Duck Assessment Area) that results in a change in abundance and/or distribution over one or more generations of that portion of the population, or any populations or species dependent upon it, but does not change the integrity of any population as a whole; it may be localized.

A minor (not significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting a specific group of harlequin duck in the Eastern North America population (Harlequin Duck Assessment Area) at a localized area and/or over a short period (one generation or less), but not affecting other trophic levels or the integrity of the population itself.

A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Eastern North American population or a specific group of harlequin duck (Harlequin Duck Assessment Area) at a localized area and/or over a short period in such a way as to be similar to small random changes in the population due to natural irregularities, but having no detectable environmental effect on the population as a whole.

The residual environmental effects remaining after the application of mitigation, and including consideration of cumulative environmental effects, are presented in Table 18.5.

Table 18.5 Summary of Residual Environmental Effects for Harlequin Duck

Project Phase	Residual Environmental Effect	Significance	Likelihood^a	Sustainable (Capacity) Use of Renewable Resources^a
construction	habitat loss	minor (not significant)	n/a	n/a
operation	disturbance, bioaccumulation	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
decommissioning	disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
post- decommissioning	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
accidents	oiling	moderate (significant)	low	medium
^a likelihood and sustainable use of renewable resources are only defined for environmental effects that are significant (moderate or major) (CEAA 1994: 84, 187). * n/a = not applicable

18.3.1.1 Construction

Construction during the first few years of the Project will not result in the loss of breeding and brood-rearing habitat. While freshwater habitat will be lost at Headwater Pond and in association with road and quarry construction, harlequin ducks have not been documented at these locations. Noise and other stimuli may cause temporary disturbance and avoidance for birds using Reid Brook and Little Reid Brook as a corridor and/or potential breeding area. Breeding pairs were located on or near both these streams during 1996 and 1997 (JEWL 1997b). One stream crossing for the plant/port access road will be required on a small tributary of Little Reid Brook; otherwise, the habitat will not be physically altered. Any temporary avoidance should be overcome once construction activities have subsided. At most, approximately six pairs and possibly one or two broods would be displaced annually during construction. A minor (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted during construction.

18.3.1.2 Operation

The greatest habitat loss effect for harlequin ducks will occur during underground operation when the North Tailings Basin is developed. The establishment of dams, service roads and other facilities will occur in riparian habitat used for nesting at the outlet and perimeter of this waterbody. Based on survey results, up to three breeding pairs (and possibly two broods) may be displaced to adjacent habitat.

Elsewhere (e.g., airstrip, port facilities), other stimuli such as noise and human presence are not expected to have measurable consequences due to Project design and mitigation (Section 18.2.3). The bioaccumulation issues for freshwater and marine life are not expected to cause mortality or affect the health of individual harlequin ducks that may stage or raise broods at this location. A minor (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted.

18.3.1.3 Decommissioning

Activities during decommissioning will essentially be limited to noise and other stimuli at a lower level of activity than operation. Only an alteration of movements by individuals following corridors (not measurable) will be expected. No additional residual environmental effects will occur in the vicinity of the North Tailings Basin, but the area will remain unavailable for this species. A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted.

18.3.1.4 Post-Decommissioning

Following the decommissioning of the Project, the reduction in noise levels, human presence and other forms of disturbance are expected to reduce dramatically. With the proposed vegetation remediation and the reduced disturbance harlequin ducks are expected to return to areas of previous displacement at Kangeklualuk Bay, its tributaries as well as Little Reid Brook. The North Tailings Basin will remain unavailable for potential habitat.

18.3.1.5 Accidental Events

Within the shipping route, an oil spill in Anaktalak Bay during autumn would be most likely to affect harlequin duck. The threat would be temporary with the implementation of the Oil Spill Contingency Plan, but this loss of individuals, if it were to occur under these circumstances, would result in a moderate (significant) residual environmental effect.

18.3.2 Peregrine Falcon

The definitions for the rating of residual environmental effects significance are as follows:

A major (significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Labrador population of peregrine falcon (Peregrine Falcon Assessment Area) in such a way as to cause a change in abundance and/or change in distribution beyond which natural recruitment (reproduction and immigration from unaffected areas) would not return the population, or any populations or species dependent upon it, to its former level within several generations.

A moderate (significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting a portion of the Labrador population of peregrine falcon (Peregrine Falcon Assessment Area) that results in a change in abundance and/or distribution over one or more generations of that portion of the population or any populations or species dependent upon it, but does not change the integrity of any population as a whole; it may be localized.

A minor (not significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Labrador population (Peregrine Falcon Assessment Area) or a specific group of peregrine falcon in a population at a localized area and/or over a short period (one generation or less) but not affecting other trophic levels or the integrity of the population itself.

A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Labrador population or a specific group of peregrine falcon (Peregrine Falcon Assessment Area) at a localized area and/or over a short period in such a way as to be similar to small random changes in the population due to natural irregularities, but having no detectable environmental effect on the population as a whole.

The residual environmental effects remaining after the application of mitigation, and including consideration of cumulative environmental effects, are presented in Table 18.6.

Table 18.6 Summary of Residual Environmental Effects for Peregrine Falcon

Project Phase	Residual Environmental Effect	Significance	Likelihood^a	Sustainable (Capacity) Use of Renewable Resources^a
construction	disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
operation	disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
decommissioning	disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
post-decommissioning	disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
accidental events	oiling to prey	negligible to minor (not significant)	n/a	n/a
^a likelihood and sustainable use of renewable resources are only defined for environmental effects that are significant (moderate or major) (CEAA 1994: 84, 187). * n/a = not applicable

18.3.2.1 Construction

During the Project, average noise levels at potential habitat in Edward's Cove will be similar to ambient conditions and are not expected to cause a measurable reaction. This location is well beyond the blasting contours (see Section 3.6.13) associated with the open pit, and single charges in preparation for the shipping dock may not be perceptible from this cliff face. Therefore, a negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted.

18.3.2.2 Operation

Noise contours are not expected to overlap areas of potential breeding habitat for peregrine falcon. Opportunity for bioaccumulation related to uptake of contaminants (from air or water emissions) through prey species (e.g., spotted sandpipers at the mouth of Kangeklualuk Bay) will exist, but the bioaccumulation model has concluded that there are no health or other physiological issues. A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted during operation.

18.3.2.3 Decommissioning and Post-Decommissioning

Activities as they relate to peregrine falcon during decommissioning will essentially be limited to noise and other stimuli at a lower level of activity than operation. No meaningful interactions will be expected. A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted.

Accidental Events

Within the proposed shipping route, a large oil spill near the outer islands and bluffs at the east end of Paul Island may affect the availability of prey for up to three nesting pairs. An oil spill during July to September could affect local black guillemot nesting areas and/or staging areas for migrating shorebirds. Such a scenario would require at least one generation of seabirds to recover and would influence foraging patterns or perhaps nest abandonment by peregrine falcon until suitable number of prey recovered. Bioaccumulation of these spilled contaminants or direct contact by peregrine falcons would be limited as this raptor prefers to kill its prey in the air (oiled seabirds are usually unable to fly). The threat would be reduced with the implementation of the Oil Spill Contingency Plan. The worst-case scenario would result in a loss of production on three territories, or at least an adjustment in their movements. A negligible to minor (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted.

18.3.3 Polar Bear

The definitions for the rating of residual environmental effects significance are as follows:

A major (significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Davis Strait population of polar bear (Polar Bear Assessment Area) in such a way as to cause a change in abundance and/or change in distribution beyond which natural recruitment (reproduction and immigration from unaffected areas) would not return that population, or any populations or species dependent upon it, to its former level within several generations.

A moderate (significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting a portion of the Davis Strait population of polar bear (Polar Bear Assessment Area) that results in a change in abundance and/or more generations of that portion of the polar bear population, or any populations or species dependent upon it, but does not change the integrity of any population as a whole; it may be localized.

A minor (not significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting a specific group of polar bears (Polar Bear Assessment Area) in the Davis Strait population at a localized area and/or over a short period (one generation or less), but not affecting other trophic levels or the integrity of the population itself.

A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Davis Strait population or a specific group of polar bears (Polar Bear Assessment Area) at a localized area and/or over a short period in such a way as to be similar to small random changes in the population due to natural irregularities, but having no detectable environmental effect on the population as a whole.

The residual environmental effects remaining after the application of mitigation, and including consideration of cumulative environmental effects, are presented in Table 18.7.

Table 18.7 Summary of Residual Environmental Effects for Polar Bear

Project Phase	Residual Environmental Effect	Significance	Likelihood^a	Sustainable (Capacity) Use of Renewable Resources^a
construction	habitat alteration, disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
operation	habitat alteration, disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
decommissioning	disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
post - decommissioning	disturbance	negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
accidents	oiling	minor (not significant)	n/a	n/a
^a likelihood and sustainable use of renewable resources are only defined for environmental effects that are significant (moderate or major) (CEAA 1994: 84, 187). * n/a = not applicable

18.3.3.1 Construction

Human/bear encounters will occur infrequently throughout construction. As indicated above, these interactions would generally be of little consequence to polar bears. A negligible (not-significant) residual environmental effect is predicted.

18.3.3.2 Operation

Shipping through ice will not result in measurable interactions with polar bears. While it is unknown whether polar bears will follow leads created by the ice breaker into Anaktalak Bay and ultimately to the dock area, trained and properly-equipped personnel should ensure no physical harm occurs to personnel or these animals. The stress associated with any possible handling and relocation is not expected to cause physiological harm or influence reproductive success. A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted for shipping during operation.

18.3.3.3 Decommissioning and Post-Decommissioning

As ice breaking will not be required during decommissioning, there is only a remote opportunity for human/bear conflicts or interactions. If polar bears were to occur within areas occupied by humans, trained and properly-equipped personnel should ensure no physical harm occurs to personnel or these animals. A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted.

18.3.3.4 Accidental Events

Within the shipping route, a spill in the outer islands and bluffs near Paul Island could potentially kill any polar bear that it contacts. This contact could be direct while swimming or through the ingestion of oiled seabirds, fish, or seals. Opportunity for bioaccumulation of these spilled contaminants would be limited with an effective clean-up program. The potential loss of any six individuals, would result in a minor (not significant) residual environmental effect for polar bears of the Davis Strait population.

18.3.4 Beluga Whale

The definitions for the rating of residual environmental effects significance are as follows:

A major (significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Ungava Bay and/or the southeast Baffin Island/Cumberland Sound beluga whale population (Beluga Whale Assessment Area) in such a way as to cause a change in abundance and/or change in distribution beyond which natural recruitment (reproduction and immigration from unaffected areas) would not return that population, or any populations or species dependent upon it, to its former level within several generations.

A moderate (significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting a portion of the Ungava Bay and/or the southeast Baffin Island/Cumberland Sound beluga whale population (Beluga Whale Assessment Area) that results in a change in abundance and/or distribution over one or more generations of that portion of the populations or any populations or species dependent upon it, but does not change the integrity of any population as a whole; it may be localized.

A minor (not significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting a specific group of beluga whales of the Ungava Bay and/or the southeast Baffin Island/Cumberland Sound population (Beluga Whale Assessment Area) at a localized area and/or over a short period (one generation or less), but not affecting other trophic levels or the integrity of the population itself.

A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is one affecting the Ungava Bay and/or the southeast Baffin Island/Cumberland Sound population or a specific group of beluga whales (Beluga Whale Assessment Area) at a localized area and/or over a short period in such a way as to be similar to small random changes in the population due to natural irregularities, but having no detectable environmental effect on the population as a whole.

The residual environmental effects remaining after the application of mitigation, and including consideration of cumulative environmental effects, are presented in Table 18.8.

Table 18.8 Summary of Residual Environmental Effects for Beluga Whale

Project Phase	Residual Environmental Effect	Significance	Likelihood^a	Sustainable (Capacity) Use of Renewable Resources
Construction	disturbance	Negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
Operation	disturbance, bioaccumulation	Negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
Decommissioning	disturbance, bioaccumulation	Negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
post � decommissioning	disturbance	Negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/s
Accidents	oiling, bioaccumulation	Negligible (not significant)	n/a	n/a
^a likelihood and sustainable use of renewable resources are only defined for environmental effects that are significant (moderate or major) (CEAA 1994: 84, 187). * n/a = not applicable

18.3.4.1 Construction

Potential adverse effects during construction are associated with noise disturbance from vessel traffic and port construction activities. Noise due to construction and traffic will likely result in the avoidance of the primary noise source areas by beluga whales. These areas do not provide unique habitat or feeding grounds for belugas, thus, avoidance does not pose a threat to the survival of individuals or populations. Both the spatial (along shipping route and Edward's Cove) and temporal (two-year construction period) extent of noise disturbance is small. The number of individuals that will be affected is small because of the limited amount of time belugas spend in the Landscape Region. These interactions will therefore have a negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect on the beluga whale population in the Assessment Area.

18.3.4.2 Operation

Potential adverse effects on belugas during operations are noise disturbance and bioaccumulation of metals made available through treated effluent discharge into Kangeklualuk Bay. There is a very low potential for bioaccumulation of metals during the short period of time that an individual beluga feeds in potentially contaminated areas; therefore, this residual environmental effect is not expected to be detectable.

Due to the intermittent nature of both noise disturbance and beluga presence, as well as the ability of belugas to move away from the disturbance to other areas, the residual environmental effect of noise disturbance on beluga populations will be negligible (not significant).

Operations will therefore have a negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect on the beluga whale population in the Assessment Area.

18.3.4.3 Decommissioning and Post-Decommissioning

During decommissioning, belugas will continue to experience small amounts of noise from boats travelling to and from the Project. Low potential for bioaccumulation will also continue throughout and after decommissioning due to the seepage of tailings water. No detectable residual environmental effects are expected. A negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect is predicted.

18.3.4.4 Accidental Events

Accidental events are expected to have limited residual environmental effects on beluga whale populations. Interactions between spilled oil and belugas would only occur in spring and summer when beluga sightings are most frequent. Because thermoregulatory ability is least impaired by oil during this period, mortality of affected individuals is unlikely. A concentrate spill during ship loading at the port site could result in increased levels of bioavailable metals in the water column and marine sediment, which in turn could become available for uptake by beluga whales through the food chain. Potential for bioaccumulation is low due to the limited amount of time spent in the area by individual belugas. Accidental events are therefore expected to have a negligible (not significant) residual environmental effect.

18.3.5 Follow-up Program

There are no compliance monitoring requirements for harlequin duck, peregrine falcon, polar bear, or beluga. The process for monitoring and follow-up is outlined in Chapter 4.

18.4 References

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Appendix 18A

Environmental Effects Assessment Synthesis Harlequin Duck, Peregrine Falcon, Polar Bear, and Beluga Whale
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