TABLE OF CONTENTS

9. ICE

9.1 Existing Environment

9.1.1 Environmental Assessment Boundaries

9.1.1.1 Administrative Boundaries
9.1.1.2 Technical Boundaries

9.1.2 Methods
9.1.3 Existing Conditions

9.1.3.1 Fast Ice Timing
9.1.3.2 Fast Ice Extent
9.1.3.3 Fast Ice Thickness
9.1.3.4 Pack Ice
9.1.3.5 Rattles/Hinge Ice/Sina

9.1.4 Likely Future Conditions

9.2 Environmental Effects Assessment

9.2.1 Canadian and International Shipping Through Ice
9.2.2 Physical Effects During Mid-Winter

9.2.2.1 Kigoriak Trials
9.2.2.2 Valkyria Tests
9.2.2.3 Refreezing Along the Shipping Route

9.2.3 Physical Effects During Break-up
9.2.4 Accidental Effects
9.2.5 Cumulative Environmental Effects
9.2.6 Climate Change
9.2.7 Environmental Design and Mitigation

9.2.7.1 Early Winter
9.2.7.2 Mid-winter
9.2.7.3 Break-up

9.3 Residual Environmental Effects

9.3.1 Construction
9.3.2 Operation
9.3.3 Accidental Events
9.3.4 Follow-up Program

9.4 References

Appendix 9A Environmental Effects Assessment Synthesis: Ice

LIST OF TABLES
Table 9.1 Summary of Fast Ice Use
Table 9.2 Fast Ice Freeze-up and Break-up: Satosoak Island 1980-1996
Table 9.3 Timing of On-ice Travel at Hopedale, 1965-74
Table 9.4 Potential Environmental Effects
Table 9.5 Area of Shipping Corridor Incorporating Refrozen Ship Tracks: Fast Ice Edge to the Entrance to Anaktalak Bay
Table 9.6 Summary of Residual Environmental Effects

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 9.1 Ice Assessment Area and Historic Range in Fast Ice Extent
Figure 9.2 Historic Range of Break-up and Freeze-up Dates in the Nain Area
Figure 9.3 Fast Ice Edges Mapped from Satellite Imagery in January
Figure 9.4 Fast Ice Edges Mapped from Satellite Imagery in February and March
Figure 9.5 Fast Ice Edges Mapped from Satellite Imagery in April to June
Figure 9.6 Hopedale Ice Thickness and Snow Depth
Figure 9.7 1997 Ice Monitoring Study Measurement Sites Along the Shipping Route
Figure 9.8 Ice Thickness Along Shipping Route
Figure 9.9 Locations of "Rattles"